A large number of real-world planning problems called combinatorial optimization problems share the following properties: They are optimiza- tion problems, are easy to state, and have a nite but usually very large number of feasible solutions. While some of these as e.g. the Shortest Path problem and the Minimum Spanning Tree problem have polynomial algo- ritms, the majority of the problems in addition share the property that no polynomial method for their solution is known.

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